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Book_^_ 

Gopyriglit^?_:_L_ 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 









WHEEL, 


SAIL and WING 





Copyright, 1930, by 

THOMAS S. ROCKWELL COMPANY 

CHICAGO 



©CIA 31024 


nr; 2'i '330 

Printed in United States of America 


▼ 

WHEEL, SAIL and WING 

THE STORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN PICTURE STRIP 

By 

MARY BOWEN STEPHENSON 

Author of The World of Animals 

with drawings by 

LAWRENCE WOOD 



THOMAS S. ROCKWELL COMPANY 

CHICAGO, 1930 












How Men First Moved 


These men are carrying 
their belongings on their 
heads and walking, for 
they lived so long ago that 
they had not yet learned to 
tame horses for work. 


We call this a pack train. 
This man has tamed horses 
and uses them to carry 
both himself and his be¬ 
longings when he moves 
from place to place. 


The Indians fastened deer 
that they had killed on 
two long poles which their 
ponies dragged over the 
ground. This sort of sled is 
called a traveau. 















From Place to Place 


The Eskimos and Indians, 
who live in the far North, 
built sleds with runners 
which their husky dog 
teams pulled easily over the 
snow. 


This man is making the 
first wheels from the ends 
of a log. He found that it 
was much easier to pull 
things that roll than 
things that slide. 


In early times when there 
were but few roads and 
bridges, men found it hard 
to cross rivers. These men 
and horses are crossing at 
a place called a ford. 
















How Men Traveled 


Roman armies marched 
into the city over this fa¬ 
mous road called the Ap- 
pian Way, The Romans 
built the best roads in an¬ 
cient times of stone slabs. 


The Romans had many 
exciting races in these two¬ 
wheeled chariots, in which 
they rode standing up. 
They used them to carry 
them into battle, too. 


Later, roads were so poor 
that rich people in the 
towns traveled in these 
closed chairs, called sedan 
chairs, fastened on poles 
and carried by two men. 





























on Two Wheels 


In Japan horses are scarce 
and men work for only a 
few pennies a day, so peo¬ 
ple ride everywhere in car¬ 
riages called jinrickshas, 
pulled by men. 


Farmers used two-wheeled 
carts like this one during 
the centuries when the 
roads were rough, to carry 
their crops to the market in 
the near-by town. 


By the time of King 
Charles of England, who 
rode in this clumsy coach, 
men had learned that four 
wheels were much better 
than just two. 














How People Traveled Long Distances 


Roads made like this, of 
crushed stone, and called 
macadam after their Scotch 
inventor, were used for 
many years before the con¬ 
crete road was invented. 


Napoleon, the great French 
Emperor, rode many miles 
in this state coach. It is 
much lighter and more 
comfortable than any of 
the older coaches. 


Whole families moved to 
California in these covered 
wagons when this country 
was young. Trains of 
them traveled together on 
the long journey. 











a Hundred Years Ago 


The Pony Express carried 
the mail to the west. A 
man rode twenty miles or 
more, then handed the 
mail to another who 
waited on a fresh horse. 


Stage coaches carried peo¬ 
ple who did not want to 
take everything they 
owned to the west. They 
changed drivers and horses 
along the way, too. 


Light, open carriages like 
this one, called barouches, 
were used by fashionable 
people to drive about in 
the cities during the nine¬ 
teenth century. 















The Automobiles and Roads 


Just before the automobile 
was invented, people rode 
everywhere on bicycles, 
which were quicker than 
walking and cheaper than 
using a horse. 


This is one of the first auto¬ 
mobiles invented. It went 
about ten miles an hour 
and people thought that it 
was dangerous because it 
frightened their horses. 


These men are making one 
of the concrete roads we 
ride upon. They make it 
possible for us to go any¬ 
where we wish in our 
automobiles. 













of Our Present Day 


We can go thirty or forty 
miles in an hour in a big 
car like this, but people in 
the past, with horses and 
poor roads, could not go 
that far in two days. 


Farmers now take their 
corn to the grain elevators 
in a truck which carries 
many times more than the 
old carts and wagons, and 
in much less time. 


Now country children are 
called for and taken to 
school in a big bus that 
carries thirty or more, in¬ 
stead of having to walk 
several miles alone. 












People found that wheels 
rolled more easily on two 
rails, so the first railroad 
trains were large carriages 
that were pulled along the 
wooden tracks by horses. 



The First Wheels 

The first trains ran on rails 
made of wood with strips 
of iron nailed on top. The 
strips often came unfas¬ 
tened at the ends and 
caused train wrecks. 



A famous race was held be¬ 
tween a train drawn by 
one of the first steam en¬ 
gines, the Tom Thumb, 
and a train drawn by a 
horse. The horse won. 
























That Rolled on Rails 


After Abraham Lincoln 
was killed, this train with 
the queer big smoke-stack 
carried his body back to 
his home in Springfield, 
Illinois, to be buried. 


Railroad cars people used 
to ride in looked like this 
inside. They were heated 
by a stove in winter and 
the seats were quite hard 
and uncomfortable. 


In the cities the street cars 
were drawn by horses or 
mules, until men learned 
how to use electricity to 
run them and invented the 
trolley car. 





















The Trains and Engines 


The track our great trains 
run on is made of heavy 
steel rails fastened to wood 
ties and laid on carefully 
built-up ground so it will 
be firm enough. 


The engines alone of our 
great trains are bigger than 
early trains like this one 
called the DeWitt Clinton, 
which ran from New York 
to Albany. 


Engines that pull freight 
trains today are even larger 
and more powerful than 
the passenger engines for 
they have to pull long, 
heavy trains. 



























of Our Present Time 


We can even sleep on trains, 
in berths made by pulling 
two seats together and 
closing them off with 
green curtains. There are 
upper berths, too. 


Street cars now are big and 
heavy and are run by elec¬ 
tricity carried from wires 
overhead into the car's mo¬ 
tor by the trolley. They 
carry fifty or more people. 


In a test to find out which 
was the more powerful, a 
steam engine or an electric 
locomotive, each tried to 
pull the other. The electric 
engine easily won. 

































The Different Ways 


When men first built 
bridges, they often hung 
them by vines from the 
branches of trees that ex¬ 
tended over the streams 
they wished to cross. 


In places where there was 
plenty of stone, people 
built arched bridges like 
this. Such bridges are very 
strong; many have lasted 
for hundreds of years. 


This is the famous Brook¬ 
lyn Bridge. It is called a 
suspension bridge because 
it hangs on great steel 
cables stretched between 
the towers at either end. 

















of Crossing Rivers 


The center part is about to 
be lifted into place on this 
bridge which crosses the 
St. Lawrence river at Que¬ 
bec. This type of bridge is 
called a cantilever. 


This bridge divides into 
two parts and lifts to let 
boats through. When it is 
down, it has two decks and 
crosses the Chicago river 
at Michigan Avenue. 


Trains and automobiles 
are sometimes carried over 
bodies of water too large to 
be crossed by a bridge on 
big flat boats that are 
called ferries. 














Men first traveled on water 
on rafts made by fastening 
several logs together, or in 
hollowed-out logs that 
made a rough canoe or 
dugout. 



Boats That Sail 

The earliest boats with 
sails looked like this one. 
They were used only on 
rivers at first for men were 
afraid of the ocean for a 
long time. 



When roads in this coun¬ 
try were few and bad, peo¬ 
ple sometimes moved all 
their belongings on flat 
boats that floated down 
the rivers. 

































on Rivers and Lakes 


The Clermont, built by 
Robert Fulton, was one of 
the first boats to use a 
steam engine and paddle 
wheels at the side to move 
it instead of sails. 


Boats like this, with a pad¬ 
dle wheel at the stern, were 
used on the Mississippi 
river to carry cotton and 
passengers from one city to 
another. 


Coal and other freight is 
carried down the Missis¬ 
sippi river today on great 
fleets of barges fastened to¬ 
gether and towed or 
pushed by one steamboat. 














Ways of Getting Boats From 


Before men learned to 
build canals from one 
stream to another, they 
had to carry their boats 
across the land between. 
They called it portage. 


When they were building 
the Panama Canal, the 
land slid down many times 
at this place, called the 
Culebra Cut, which made 
the work hard. 


When one lake is higher 
than another, the canal be¬ 
tween them has to have 
locks to lift the boat from 
one level to the next. The 
early ones were like this. 























One River or Lake to Another 


On the old canals people 
traveled with all their be¬ 
longings in flat boats 
drawn by a team of mules 
that walked along the 
bank of the canal. 


Boats on inland canals to¬ 
day carry much freight. 
They are sometimes towed 
at sea by steamers or tugs 
which pull several barges 
at one time. 


Through these great locks 
of the Panama Canal, bat¬ 
tleships and ocean steamers 
are lifted or lowered on 
their way between the Pa¬ 
cific and Atlantic oceans. 
















Ships That Have Sailed 


The Greeks built ships 
with three or four sets of 
oars, which were rowed by 
slaves. Sometimes they 
had sails on the ships, too, 
to help them. 


In the Middle Ages the 
Venetian merchants sailed 
the Mediterranean Sea in 
galleys which were like the 
Greek ships only larger, 
with more sails and oars. 


The Vikings sailed all over 
the ocean in these little 
boats. They even discov¬ 
ered America in one of 
them five hundred years 
before Columbus. 


















the Seas in All Ages 


When Columbus discov¬ 
ered America, he crossed 
the ocean in this small ship 
named the Santa Maria, 
The voyage took him sev¬ 
eral months. 


In the early days of our 
country ships like this, 
called schooners, carried 
men and freight across the 
ocean. It took many weeks 
to reach Europe. 


The fastest sailing ship 
ever built was called the 
Flying Cloud. She was a 
clipper ship and carried 
goods like tea from China 
to Boston and other ports. 














Ships That Use Steam 


The Savannah was the 
first steamboat to cross the 
ocean. It had side paddle 
wheels and burned coal, 
and it also had sails which 
they used most of the time. 


This is the Great Eastern, 
one of the first ships built 
of iron instead of wood, 
and moved by a screw pro¬ 
peller at the back. It also 
had side paddles. 


This boat is being loaded 
with iron ore to be carried 
from the mines across the 
Great Lakes to the place 
where it will be made into 
cast iron or steel. 


















Crude oil from all parts of 
the world is brought 
across the ocean in ships 
like this called oil tankers. 
They are built for that spe¬ 
cial purpose. 



Instead of Sails 

This great steamship, the 
Leviathan, is more than a 
thousand feet long and car¬ 
ries several thousand peo¬ 
ple. It crosses the ocean in 
four or five days. 



If you cut the Leviathan in 
half cross-ways, this is 
what it would look like. 
You can see how compli¬ 
cated it is and how it car¬ 
ries so many passengers. 







































Ships That Fly 


Men first learned to fly in 
balloons filled with a gas 
that is lighter than air. 
They were like this one in 
which two men flew the 
English Channel. 


About twenty-five years 
ago, two brothers named 
Wright learned to fly a ma¬ 
chine that was heavier 
than air. It was the first 
successful airplane. 


During the Great War air¬ 
planes like this were used a 
great deal to spy out the 
enemy and to drop bombs 
where they would do the 
most damage. 



















^=—. ~ 

1 i 

‘ . 


1 

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jl 




in the Air on Wings 


The first flight across the 
Atlantic Ocean from New 
York to Paris, alone, was 
made by Lindbergh in a 
monoplane, called the 
Spirit of St. Louis. 


The Graf Zeppelin flew 
around the world in 
twelve days flying time, 
which is much faster than 
any one used to dream it 
could be done. 


The Dox is the largest air¬ 
plane that has ever been 
built. It is a German sea 
plane with twelve motors 
and will carry over one 
hundred people. 



























































